Storage-engine benchmark matrix

8 threads, random keys, compression=none, mean of 2 runs — macOS/APFS, Apple M2 Ultra (24 cores)

ondaDB benchmark suite — dataset: Apple M2 Ultra · ← Linux / xfs dataset · raw CSV

Summary across all configurations

geometric mean of (engine ÷ fastest) over every config × phase cell (35 cells); 1.00× = fastest everywhere

	ondaDB (Rust)	TidesDB (C)	fjall (Rust)	BadgerDB (Go)	wavesdb (Go)	RocksDB (C++)	surrealkv (Rust)	Wildcat (Go)
score (geomean)	0.69	0.39	0.29	0.30	0.38	0.41	0.28	0.01
cell wins	14	10	3	4	2	1	1	0

Logical throughput (MB/s, key+value bytes)

ops/sec × (key size + value size) — how much payload each engine moves per second; makes the value-size sweep comparable

Put (batched, multi-threaded)

	ondaDB (Rust)	TidesDB (C)	fjall (Rust)	BadgerDB (Go)	wavesdb (Go)	RocksDB (C++)	surrealkv (Rust)	Wildcat (Go)
16 B / 100 B	818	674	148	107	672	245	373	8
64 B / 512 B	1,396	2,986	472	507	1,628	763	763	19
16 B / 1 KiB	1,406	3,000	724	748	1,481	973	925	23
16 B / 4 KiB	1,909	4,469	2,434	1,371	1,869	2,141	1,211	36
16 B / 16 KiB	1,748	2,432	3,033	1,982	855	2,213	1,253	40
1 KiB / 256 B	1,680	4,164	771	820	2,010	1,193	1,076	28
2 KiB / 256 B	1,698	4,804	819	1,019	1,718	1,215	785	32

Get (cold, multi-threaded)

	ondaDB (Rust)	TidesDB (C)	fjall (Rust)	BadgerDB (Go)	wavesdb (Go)	RocksDB (C++)	surrealkv (Rust)	Wildcat (Go)
16 B / 100 B	305	241	246	96	326	381	15	1
64 B / 512 B	1,251	1,152	181	362	630	1,231	71	3
16 B / 1 KiB	1,929	472	482	639	1,130	1,767	127	6
16 B / 4 KiB	4,981	2,129	9,986	1,345	3,208	3,409	498	8
16 B / 16 KiB	11,660	8,125	42,065	2,551	6,177	6,975	1,932	23
1 KiB / 256 B	2,530	1,694	386	619	977	2,074	153	1
2 KiB / 256 B	5,350	2,195	437	779	891	2,443	277	1

Put (batched, multi-threaded)

ops/sec — higher is better; whiskers span min–max across runs; the group leader is value-labeled

	ondaDB (Rust)	TidesDB (C)	fjall (Rust)	BadgerDB (Go)	wavesdb (Go)	RocksDB (C++)	surrealkv (Rust)	Wildcat (Go)
16 B / 100 B	7,047,671	5,811,860	1,273,708	920,756	5,790,957	2,110,294	3,218,652	65,018
64 B / 512 B	2,423,564	5,184,331	818,682	880,544	2,826,686	1,324,180	1,324,656	32,604
16 B / 1 KiB	1,351,710	2,884,611	696,295	719,609	1,423,836	935,888	888,988	21,945
16 B / 4 KiB	464,275	1,086,805	592,018	333,418	454,554	520,706	294,523	8,661
16 B / 16 KiB	106,604	148,277	184,945	120,836	52,108	134,939	76,408	2,426
1 KiB / 256 B	1,312,440	3,253,262	602,660	640,919	1,570,126	931,832	840,726	21,502
2 KiB / 256 B	737,190	2,084,915	355,310	442,256	745,815	527,394	340,845	13,851

Get (cold, multi-threaded)

ops/sec — higher is better; whiskers span min–max across runs; the group leader is value-labeled

	ondaDB (Rust)	TidesDB (C)	fjall (Rust)	BadgerDB (Go)	wavesdb (Go)	RocksDB (C++)	surrealkv (Rust)	Wildcat (Go)
16 B / 100 B	2,632,312	2,074,408	2,120,063	829,992	2,808,030	3,281,604	129,022	7,162
64 B / 512 B	2,171,039	1,999,484	313,666	628,718	1,094,578	2,136,631	122,420	5,462
16 B / 1 KiB	1,854,966	453,689	463,886	614,572	1,086,839	1,699,276	122,005	5,379
16 B / 4 KiB	1,211,230	517,764	2,428,482	327,162	780,133	829,124	121,216	1,914
16 B / 16 KiB	710,962	495,430	2,564,934	155,518	376,643	425,330	117,810	1,432
1 KiB / 256 B	1,976,820	1,323,479	301,850	483,658	763,426	1,619,928	119,680	548
2 KiB / 256 B	2,321,911	952,700	189,502	338,290	386,791	1,060,323	120,135	454

Delete (batched, multi-threaded)

ops/sec — higher is better; whiskers span min–max across runs; the group leader is value-labeled

	ondaDB (Rust)	TidesDB (C)	fjall (Rust)	BadgerDB (Go)	wavesdb (Go)	RocksDB (C++)	surrealkv (Rust)	Wildcat (Go)
16 B / 100 B	8,754,658	696,612	1,173,354	921,024	6,654,036	4,503,915	4,554,512	76,541
64 B / 512 B	10,511,634	783,438	1,455,578	1,061,502	7,547,292	3,007,642	4,358,468	78,062
16 B / 1 KiB	12,246,608	999,912	1,865,928	1,236,395	9,165,399	5,953,936	5,383,607	76,138
16 B / 4 KiB	8,970,018	1,101,201	2,284,764	1,569,358	7,493,748	6,129,258	4,239,236	94,874
16 B / 16 KiB	6,312,296	1,038,910	2,102,949	1,701,942	4,109,870	5,008,106	3,115,756	94,361
1 KiB / 256 B	1,425,686	542,273	660,920	743,207	1,885,272	1,051,822	1,255,188	27,110
2 KiB / 256 B	814,817	387,018	345,962	533,082	1,115,900	560,515	595,734	17,174

Forward scan (concurrent full iterations)

ops/sec — higher is better; whiskers span min–max across runs; the group leader is value-labeled

	ondaDB (Rust)	TidesDB (C)	fjall (Rust)	BadgerDB (Go)	wavesdb (Go)	RocksDB (C++)	surrealkv (Rust)	Wildcat (Go)
16 B / 100 B	9,780,300	9,394,343	2,343,754	5,497,010	7,569,138	3,633,755	6,814,938	71,548
64 B / 512 B	894,102	5,522,193	1,592,510	1,656,126	146,372	1,056,665	2,127,458	27,466
16 B / 1 KiB	781,575	63,125	637,728	977,788	144,678	640,964	1,343,942	22,910
16 B / 4 KiB	306,504	70,585	146,316	346,258	97,812	195,814	342,378	4,093
16 B / 16 KiB	249,282	72,708	70,208	202,832	44,106	93,329	84,154	2,062
1 KiB / 256 B	2,318,874	2,905,110	618,082	824,864	1,841,516	554,082	1,052,806	8,256
2 KiB / 256 B	1,185,692	2,363,799	301,802	333,044	1,002,819	318,156	610,176	4,975

Backward scan (concurrent full iterations)

ops/sec — higher is better; whiskers span min–max across runs; the group leader is value-labeled

	ondaDB (Rust)	TidesDB (C)	fjall (Rust)	BadgerDB (Go)	wavesdb (Go)	RocksDB (C++)	surrealkv (Rust)	Wildcat (Go)
16 B / 100 B	8,650,609	6,471,405	2,049,038	5,460,876	6,855,003	3,103,996	2,201,010	71,858
64 B / 512 B	856,762	3,253,000	1,531,240	1,751,667	151,632	1,016,664	1,317,456	41,606
16 B / 1 KiB	806,554	63,620	701,350	999,246	145,668	583,124	982,132	33,324
16 B / 4 KiB	308,130	75,762	215,190	402,227	95,720	266,958	315,666	4,029
16 B / 16 KiB	256,702	68,346	100,120	312,096	28,680	137,290	76,748	2,012
1 KiB / 256 B	1,682,648	1,794,832	719,900	977,672	1,714,162	631,615	651,429	9,258
2 KiB / 256 B	1,378,838	1,104,577	347,276	355,156	922,994	296,380	462,452	5,360